[PDF] Statistics and probability for engineering applications with Microsoft Excel

Preface
What’s on the CD-ROM?
List of Symbols
1. Introduction: Probability and Statistics
1.1 Some Important Terms
1.2 What does this book contain?
2. Basic Probability
2.1 Fundamental Concepts
2.2 Basic Rules of Combining Probabilities
2.2.1 Addition Rule
2.2.2 Multiplication Rule
2.3 Permutations and Combinations
2.4 More Complex Problems: Bayes’ Rule
3. Descriptive Statistics: Summary Numbers
3.1 Central Location
3.2 Variability or Spread of the Data
3.3 Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles, and Quantiles
3.4 Using a Computer to Calculate Summary Numbers
4. Grouped Frequencies and Graphical Descriptions
4.1 Stem-and-Leaf Displays
4.2 Box Plots
4.3 Frequency Graphs of Discrete Data
4.4 Continuous Data: Grouped Frequency
4.5 Use of Computers
5. Probability Distributions of Discrete Variables
5.1 Probability Functions and Distribution Functions
(a) Probability Functions
(b) Cumulative Distribution Functions
5.2 Expectation and Variance
(a) Expectation of a Random Variable
(b) Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
(c) More Complex Problems
5.3 Binomial Distribution
(a) Illustration of the Binomial Distribution
(b) Generalization of Results
(c) Application of the Binomial Distribution
(d) Shape of the Binomial Distribution
(e) Expected Mean and Standard Deviation
(f) Use of Computers
(g) Relation of Proportion to the Binomial Distribution
(h) Nested Binomial Distributions
(i) Extension: Multinomial Distributions
5.4 Poisson Distribution
(a) Calculation of Poisson Probabilities
(b) Mean and Variance for the Poisson Distribution
(c) Approximation to the Binomial Distribution
(d) Use of Computers
5.5 Extension: Other Discrete Distributions
5.6 Relation Between Probability Distributions and Frequency Distributions
(b) Fitting a Binomial Distribution
(c) Fitting a Poisson Distribution
6. Probability Distributions of Continuous Variables
6.1 Probability from the Probability Density Function
6.2 Expected Value and Variance
6.3 Extension: Useful Continuous Distributions
6.4 Extension: Reliability
7. The Normal Distribution
7.1 Characteristics
7.2 Probability from the Probability Density Function
7.3 Using Tables for the Normal Distribution
7.4 Using the Computer
7.5 Fitting the Normal Distribution to Frequency Data
7.6 Normal Approximation to a Binomial Distribution
8. Sampling and Combination of Variables
8.1 Sampling
8.2 Linear Combination of Independent Variables
8.3 Variance of Sample Means
9. Statistical Inferences for the Mean
9.1.1 Test of Hypothesis
9.1.2 Confidence Interval
9.2.1 Confidence Interval Using the t-distribution
9.2.3 Comparison of Sample Means Using Unpaired Samples
9.2.4 Comparison of Paired Samples
10. Statistical Inferences for Variance and Proportion
10.1 Inferences for Variance
10.1.2 Comparing Two Sample Variances
10.2 Inferences for Proportion
10.2.1 Proportion and the Binomial Distribution
10.2.2 Test of Hypothesis for Proportion
10.2.3 Confidence Interval for Proportion
10.2.4 Extension
11. Introduction to Design of Experiments
11.1 Experimentation vs. Use of Routine Operating Data
11.2 Scale of Experimentation
11.3 One-factor-at-a-time vs. Factorial Design
11.4 Replication
11.5 Bias Due to Interfering Factors
(a) Some Examples of Interfering Factors
(b) Preventing Bias by Randomization
(c) Obtaining Random Numbers Using Excel
(d) Preventing Bias by Blocking
11.6 Fractional Factorial Designs
12. Introduction to Analysis of Variance
12.1 One-way Analysis of Variance
12.2 Two-way Analysis of Variance
12.3 Analysis of Randomized Block Design
12.4 Concluding Remarks
13. Chi-squared Test for Frequency Distributions
13.1 Calculation of the Chi-squared Function
13.2 Case of Equal Probabilities
13.3 Goodness of Fit
13.4 Contingency Tables
14. Regression and Correlation
14.1 Simple Linear Regression
14.2 Assumptions and Graphical Checks
14.3 Statistical Inferences
14.4 Other Forms with Single Input or Regressor
14.5 Correlation
14.6 Extension: Introduction to Multiple Linear Regression
15. Sources of Further Information
15.1 Useful Reference Books
15.2 List of Selected References
Appendices
Appendix A: Tables
Appendix B: Some Properties of Excel Useful
Appendix C: Functions Useful Once the
During the Learning Process
Fundamentals Are Understood
Appendix D: Answers to Some of the Problems
Engineering Problem-Solver Index
Index